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Video editing: Cosima Amelang
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Design: Hannah Tak
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Development: Eduardo Velez, Ryan Morris, and JoElla Carman
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Text: Heidi Schultz
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Text editing: Alexa McMahon
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Research and reporting: Heidi Schultz, Gloria Liu, and Cosima Amelang
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Copyediting: Emily Flory and Jennifer Vilaga
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Portrait photos: Christiaan Hart, National Geographic (Yadav); Rakel Hanson, National Geographic (Gregory); Mark Thiessen, NGM Staff (Tafreshi); Christie Hemm Klok; OK McCausland (Fisher); Robbie Shone; Maria Klenner (Effendi).
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Videos, photos, and screenshots: Prasenjeet Yadav, Dilan Mandana, Kulbhushan Singh, Chetan Pawar (Yadav); Ben Joiner/Talesmith, Bertie Gregory/Talesmith (Gregory); Babak Tafreshi, Taylor McKay (Tafreshi); Christie Hemm Klok; Peter Fisher, Charlie Ballinger (Fisher); Robbie Shone, Lisa Baldini, Western African Paleoclimate Project (Shone); Rena Effendi. Illustration: Robbie Shone
Photographer and molecular biologist Prasenjeet Yadav went to the Similipal Tiger Reserve in eastern India to make images of the only pseudo-melanistic, or black, tigers in the wild—or at least try. Many longtime residents of the villages within the reserve have never seen one of these skittish, shy creatures. With the help of the local forest department, Yadav headed to trails the dozen or so tigers are known to frequent. There he sniffed trees for evidence of the large cats marking their territory. “Tiger spray smells very peculiar. It smells like the basmati rice that we get here in India, and depending on how pungent [the spray] is, you can tell how old it is,” he explains. “At times, you hit the jackpot—a tiger was here just a few days ago—that means that this is an active tree.” Once he figured out the best locations for the camera traps and tested his configurations (sometimes posing as a stand-in), maintenance became a full-time job because of weather and animal meddling. Leopards and monkeys had an affinity for Yadav’s equipment: “They’ll come, turn the flashes around; they’ll take the trigger and run away.” After 60 days, Yadav’s cameras were set off a handful of times by a black tiger, and few images showed a whole tiger. A young female was the only tiger that seemed unwary of the camera. Yadav plans to go back, but he’ll have to start from scratch because seasonal flooding erased the trails. “I still haven’t gotten the picture that is there in my mind, and I’m going to get that picture."
National Geographic Explorer Bertie Gregory has filmed penguins in Antarctica for eight years, but in 2024 he witnessed a little-known phenomenon: a line of young emperor penguins on a high ice shelf disappearing over the horizon. He flew a drone to follow them only to discover that they were gathering along the edge of the ice shelf far above the ocean. “Surely, they’re not going to go off that cliff. It’s 50 feet high!” he said in disbelief. Left by their parents a month earlier, the youngsters must fend for themselves and find food by hunting in the sea. Their first swim is usually taken from low-lying sea ice where the species normally breeds, but some colonies have been found on higher and more permanent ice shelves, behavior likely to become increasingly common with climate change. The young penguins successfully jumped off the cliff, one after another. “I keep saying penguins can’t fly,” he says in footage during the event, “and I keep being proved wrong"
Gregory’s incredible footage from Antarctica appears in Secrets of the Penguins, premiering April 2025 on National Geographic and Disney+.
Science photojournalist Babak Tafreshi went to Frio Bat Cave in southern Texas, where approximately 10 million Mexican free-tailed bats fly out most nights during the spring and summer. He chose this location to document the April 8 solar eclipse while answering a fascinating question: Will nocturnal bats get confused by the celestial event and emerge from their roost in the middle of the day? The answer turned out to be no (though some swallows near the cave entrance came out that afternoon very confused). As Tafreshi prepared for the eclipse in the days before, he used a 30-second exposure with a fish-eye lens to make this captivating image of the bats’ nightly coordinated stream as they exited the cave to feed on insects. “As I watched them, there wasn’t one collision between two bats,” he says. “It’s amazing how well-coordinated they are."
The Oasis Sanctuary, in the southern Arizona desert, is a permanent home for some 800 parrots that were formerly pets or illegally traded. It was there that photographer Christie Hemm Klok met 25-year-old Twitch, a macaw that had nine owners by the time she was 11, and Rosebud, a bright red cockatoo that hung out on Hemm Klok’s boot during the shoot. Oasis director Janet Trumbule carried a pole to protect Hemm Klok’s camera equipment. “Parrots are very curious, and they do investigate what is interesting to them,” Trumbule explains. Naturally loud to communicate across their jungle environments, these social birds live a long time; some have life spans similar to humans. Because they get easily stressed in captivity, they can become aggressive and overpluck their feathers. Even dedicated pet owners often can’t keep up the commitment of caretaking for decades. While the sanctuary gives the birds freedom to be noisy, working with them was a challenge for Hemm Klok, illustrating why so many parrots end up here. “The energy in the macaw aviary was very stressful for me and extremely loud,” Hemm Klok says. “Imagine just trying to walk around a house with the house alarm going off."
In Guatemala, the 13,000-foot-high Fuego Volcano has been erupting continually since 2002. A one-day hike up its dormant twin, Acatenango, and across a valley rewards adventurers with a view of the eruption from Fuego’s ridgeline. Photographer Peter Fisher made the already brutal hike more difficult by carrying 45 pounds of camera gear on his back in hopes of capturing the spectacular show. Amid the final push up the steep slope, Fisher stopped to rest. Thirty seconds later he felt a rumble under his feet and scrambled to position his camera and tripod. “The timing couldn’t have been more perfect,” he explains. “The sun had just set, so you could see the silhouettes of the other climbers, and if I had kept climbing, the perspective shift would’ve made their bodies disappear into the dark volcanic ash surrounding them."
Cave explorer and photographer Robbie Shone traveled to Gabon with scientists from the Western African Paleoclimate Project to document their research on past climate conditions in the region. The group, supported by the National Geographic Society, is piecing together the historical record of rainfall over thousands of years by analyzing stalagmites in the country’s ancient cave system. Shone set up backlighting to illuminate the project’s researchers inside the passage. “There were lots of bats flying around but of a smaller species. The large bat flying by was simply a stroke of luck,” he says. “While we used two more strobes for the foreground lighting, the backlight was always the priority, and after seeing the bat fly through, I’m glad it was, otherwise it wouldn’t have had picked the bat up so well.."
Every spring in a valley at the foot of Morocco’s Atlas Mountains, roses bloom for miles and miles. “There’s a sense of an oasis in the desert. As I was driving towards the city, I saw rosebushes and green palms peppered by casbahs, the towering fortresses made of mud brick,” says photographer Rena Effendi. She attended the harvest festival in the town of Kalaat M’Gouna, home to the country’s rose water distilleries, to document the picking and sorting of rosebuds done primarily by women. “They need to pick in the early morning hours, before the sun becomes too hot and the rose opens up completely, to keep the fragrance intact,” she explains. Roses that have already bloomed are made into garlands and dried for tea.
Read the full findings at
National Geographic Magazine - December 2024 issue
Pictures of the Year
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